RNA-targeted therapies represent a platform for drug discovery involving chemically
modified oligonucleotides, a wide range of cellular RNAs, and a novel target-binding motif …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their products are components of cell signaling
pathways and play important roles in cellular physiology and pathophysiology. Under …

Nucleic acids are excellent at recognizing complementary sequences through the formation
of Watson− Crick base pairs. Since the base pairing enables the highly selective …

Protein kinase C (PKC) has been a tantalizing target for drug discovery ever since it was first
identified as the receptor for the tumour promoter phorbol ester in 1982. Although initial …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling pathways involved in
the regulation of normal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Aberrant regulation of …

The AGC family of serine/threonine kinases (PKA, PKG, PKC) includes more than 60
members that are critical regulators of numerous cellular functions, including cell cycle and …

Abstract The Ras/Raf/Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular-
signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade couples signals from cell surface receptors to …

Identification of the key roles of protein kinases in cancer has led to extensive efforts to
develop kinase inhibitors for the treatment of a wide range of cancers, and more than 30 …

The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system (uPAS) consists of the uPA, its cognate
receptor (uPAR) and two specific inhibitors, the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and …

The Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway regulates diverse physiological processes by transmitting
signals from membrane based receptors to various nuclear, cytoplasmic and membrane …