As a major arm of the cellular immune response, CD4+ T cells are important in the control
and clearance of infections. Primarily described as helpers, CD4+ T cells play an integral …

Pro-inflammatory CD4+ T helper (Th) cells drive the pathogenesis of many autoimmune
conditions. Recent advances have modified views of the phenotype of pro-inflammatory Th …

The success of the CD8 T cell-mediated immune response against infections and tumors
depends on the formation of a long-lived memory pool, and the protection of effector cells …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin of the
central nervous system (CNS) and currently has no cure. MS etiology is linked to both the …

Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury is a debilitating medical condition, currently with only a
limited amount of therapies aimed at protecting the cerebral parenchyma. Micro RNAs …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system
(CNS). Despite a complex pathogenesis, it appears that an imbalanced immune system …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a new reality for many physiological and pathological
functions as an alternative mode of intercellular communication. This is due to their capacity …

The importance of IL‐23 and its specific receptor, IL‐23R, in the pathogenesis of several
chronic inflammatory diseases has been established, but the underlying pathological …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has led to a paradigm shift in cancer
immunotherapy, but still several obstacles limit CAR T cell efficacy in cancers. Advances in …

Information exchange is essential for the brain, where it communicates the physiological and
pathological signals to the periphery and vice versa. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a …