Costs of defense are central to our understanding of interactions between organisms and
their environment, and defensive phenotypes of plants have long been considered to be …

Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth
patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history …

The use of regression techniques for estimating the direction and magnitude of selection
from measurements on phenotypes has become widespread in field studies. A potential …

We surveyed the literature published since 1985 for evidence of natural selection and
heritability in vegetative functional traits and performance. Our goals were to (1) review …

The use of regression analysis has been instrumental in allowing evolutionary biologists to
estimate the strength and mode of natural selection. Although directional and correlational …

Although biologists have long assumed that plant resistance characters evolved under
selection exerted by such natural enemies as herbivores and pathogens, experimental …

Plant defense traits often show high levels of genetic variation, despite clear impacts on
plant fitness. This variation may be partly maintained by trade‐offs in the defense against …

Abstract Cassidinae (ca. 6000 species) is the second largest clade of Chrysomelidae (leaf
beetles; ca. 40,000 species). It has been historically treated as two separate subfamilies …

Measuring natural selection has been a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology for more
than a century, and techniques developed in the last 20 yr have provided relatively simple …

A common assumption in studies of seed predation is that seeds survive attack and are
dispersed only when animals fail to find seeds, drop undamaged seeds or fail to recover …