RNA therapeutics offer great potential to transform the biomedical landscape, encompassing
the treatment of hereditary conditions and the development of better vaccines. However, the …

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) comprise antibodies, cytotoxic payloads, and linkers,
which can integrate the advantages of antibodies and small molecule drugs to achieve …

Background The inability of biologics to pass the plasma membrane prevents their
development as therapeutics for intracellular targets. To address the lack of methods for …

Currently, the clinical application of protein/peptide therapeutics is mainly limited to the
modulation of diseases in extracellular spaces. Intracellular targets are hardly accessed …

In situ tumor vaccines (ISTVs) hold great potential in tumor immunotherapy, however, three
major obstacles, including inadequate endogenous antigen uptake by dendritic cells (DCs) …

Studies examining the regulatory roles and clinical applications of monosaccharides other
than glucose in cancer have been neglected. Mannose, a common type of monosaccharide …

The inflammatory response elicited by oxidative stress in periodontitis dramatically impairs
the osteogenic differentiation potential of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) …

Background Nanovaccines have emerged as a promising vaccination strategy, exhibiting
their capacity to deliver antigens and adjuvants to elicit specific immune responses. Despite …

As intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) proceeds, the dysfunctional mitochondria disrupt
the viability of nucleus pulposus cells, initiating the degradation of the extracellular matrix …

A large number of proteins are successfully used to treat various diseases. These include
natural polypeptide hormones, their synthetic analogues, antibodies, antibody mimetics …