Seasonal influenza viruses cause recurring global epidemics by continually evolving to
escape host immunity. The viral constraints and host immune responses that limit and drive …

Antigenic drift refers to the evolutionary accumulation of amino acid substitutions in viral
proteins selected by host adaptive immune systems as the virus circulates in a population …

The patterns and processes of influenza virus evolution are of fundamental importance,
underpinning such traits as the propensity to emerge in new host species and the ability to …

Influenza viruses rapidly diversify within individual human infections. Several recent studies
have deep-sequenced clinical influenza infections to identify viral variation within hosts, but …

Seasonal influenza viruses create a persistent global disease burden by evolving to escape
immunity induced by prior infections and vaccinations. New antigenic variants have a …

Influenza B virus (IBV) undergoes seasonal antigenic drift more slowly than influenza A
virus, but the reasons for this difference are unclear. While the evolutionary dynamics of …

Since its first introduction into China in 2009, influenza A/H1N1pdm virus has undergone a
rapid expansion and replaced the classical seasonal A (H1N1) virus. To characterize the …

Strains of the influenza virus form coherent global populations, yet exist at the level of single
infections in individual hosts. The relationship between these scales is a critical topic for …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are constantly evolving. Crucial steps in the infection cycle, such
as sialic acid (SA) receptor binding on the host cell surface, can either promote or hamper …

The evolution of influenza viruses is fundamentally shaped by within-host processes.
However, the within-host evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses remain incompletely …