Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems have received increasing attention for their diverse
identities, structures, and functional implications in cell cycle arrest and survival against …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems were originally discovered as plasmid maintenance systems in
a multitude of free-living bacteria, but were afterwards found to also be widespread in …

Continuous updating of the genome sequence of Bacillus subtilis, the model of the
Firmicutes, is a basic requirement needed by the biology community. In this work new …

Vap BC s, virulence‐associated proteins, are the most abundant type II toxin–antitoxin (TA)
systems in prokaryotes. Under normal conditions, toxin and antitoxin interact to form a …

Contact dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is the phenomenon where CDI+ bacterial strain
(inhibitor) inhibits the growth of CDI− strain (target) by direct cell to cell contact. CDI is …

Programmed cell death in bacteria is generally associated with two-component toxin-
antitoxin systems. The SpoIIS toxin-antitoxin system, consisting of a membrane-bound …

Small open reading frames are understudied as they have been historically excluded from
genome annotations. However, evidence for the functional significance of small proteins in …

Neisserial heparin-binding antigen (NHBA) is a surface-exposed lipoprotein from Neisseria
meningitidis and is a component of the meningococcus B vaccine Bexsero. As part of a …

Programmed cell death in bacteria is generally associated with two-component toxin-
antitoxin systems. The SpoIISABC system, originally identified in Bacillus subtilis, consists of …

Toxin-antitoxin modules are necessary for the mode of action of several antibiotics. One of
the most studied toxin-antitoxin modules is the quorum sensing—dependent MazEF system …