Mutualisms teeter on a knife-edge between conflict and cooperation, or so the conventional
wisdom goes. The costs and benefits of mutualism often depend on the abiotic or biotic …

Ecological communities are defined by species interacting dynamically in a given location at
a given time, and can be conveniently represented as networks of interactions. Pairwise …

Mutualisms are interactions between two species in which the fitnesses of both symbionts
benefit from the relationship. Although examples of mutualism are ubiquitous in nature, the …

Evidence accumulates about the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in shaping plant
communities, but little is known about the factors determining the biomass and coexistence …

Most mutualisms are exploited by parasites, which must strike an evolutionary balance
between virulence and long‐term persistence. Fig‐associated nematodes, living inside figs …

Many different analyses have shown how antagonistic interactions (eg predation, disease,
interference competition) can foster the coexistence of two species that compete for a single …

Mutualistic symbioses between animals and bacteria depend on acquisition of appropriate
symbionts while avoiding exploitation by non-beneficial microbes. The mode of acquisition …

Organisms typically change their diets ontogenetically. Recent studies have shown that an
ontogenetic diet shift undermines the resilience of stage‐structured food webs. Here, we …

A fundamental fact about mutualisms is that these mutually beneficial interactions often
harbor cheaters that benefit from the use of resources and services without providing any …

Mutualistic associations between species pairs are ubiquitous in nature but are also
components of broader organismal community networks. These community-level …