In late 2020, after circulating for almost a year in the human population, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibited a major step change in its …

Abstract In late 2022, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have become highly diversified,
and XBB is spreading rapidly around the world. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that …

After the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA. 2, some BA. 2 subvariants,
including BA. 2.9. 1, BA. 2.11, BA. 2.12. 1, BA. 4, and BA. 5, emerged in multiple countries …

In late 2022, various Omicron subvariants emerged and cocirculated worldwide. These
variants convergently acquired amino acid substitutions at critical residues in the spike …

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), has substantially damaged the global economy and human health. The …

In late 2023, several SARS-CoV-2 XBB descendants, notably EG. 5.1, were predominant
worldwide. However, a distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineage, the BA. 2.86 variant, also emerged …

SARS-CoV-2 variants are mainly defined by mutations in their spike. It is therefore critical to
understand how the evolutionary trajectories of spike affect virus phenotypes. So far, it has …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike N-terminal
domain (NTD) remains poorly characterized despite enrichment of mutations in this region …

Continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 generates variants to challenge antibody immunity
established by infection and vaccination. A connection between population immunity and …

Previous studies on the Omicron BA. 2 variant suggested that the virological characteristics
of BA. 2 are determined by the mutations in at least two different regions of the viral genome …