Plague is a vector-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Transmitted by fleas from
rodent reservoirs, Y. pestis emerged< 6000 years ago from an enteric bacterial ancestor …

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are complex bacterial structures that provide gram-
negative pathogens with a unique virulence mechanism enabling them to inject bacterial …

Bubonic plague is an often fulminant systemic zoonosis, caused by Yersinia pestis.
Conventional microbiology, bacterial population genetics, and genome sequence data, all …

Increased interest in the pathogenic potential of Yersinia pestis has emerged because of the
potential threats from bioterrorism. Pathogenic potential is based on genetic factors present …

Here we report the development of a new cationic liposome–hyaluronic acid (HA) hybrid
nanoparticle (NP) system and present our characterization of these NPs as an intranasal …

Gram-negative flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist, is a potent inducer of innate
immune effectors such as cytokines and nitric oxide. In the lung, flagellin induces a localized …

The type III secretion machinery of Gram‐negative bacteria, also known as the injectisome
or needle complex, is composed of a basal body spanning both bacterial membranes and …

Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague, diseases which
have caused over 200 milllion human deaths in the past. Plague still occurs throughout the …

Three great plague pandemics, resulting in nearly 200 million deaths in human history and
usage as a biowarfare agent, have made Yersinia pestis as one of the most virulent human …

Plague, caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, primarily affects rodents but
is also an important zoonotic disease of humans. Bubonic plague in humans follows …