As therapeutic options for multiple sclerosis widen, validated biomarkers of clinical disease
activity are urgently needed. Reliable biomarkers would assist in choosing initial therapy …

Interferon beta and glatiramer acetate have been mainstays of treatment in
relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis for two decades. Remarkable advances in our …

Background The balance between T helper cells Th2-and Th1-related cytokines plays a key
role in multiple sclerosis (MS). A shift from a Th1 towards a Th2 cytokine profile could have a …

Rationale: Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)
represents a hard-to-treat subtype of CRS. Objectives: To determine the pattern of …

Type I IFNs are a family of cytokines with antiviral and immunomodulatory properties.
Although the antiviral effects of IFNs are well characterized, their immunomodulatory …

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most chronic and inflammatory disorder. Because
of limited efficacy and adverse side effects, identifying novel therapeutic and protective …

Increased expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) in peripheral blood, has
been previously reported in viral infections, as well as in autoimmune disorders, in …

Aim To determine concentration of T helper (Th1) cytokines and Th2 cytokines in patients
with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and compare the cytokine profiles between …

We investigated serum (IL-10 and IL-12p70) and cellular cytokine levels (IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-
12p70, IFN-γ) in stimulated PBMC over 24 weeks in 15 relapsing–remitting multiple …

Patti F, Nicoletti A, Pappalardo A, Castiglione A, Lo Fermo S, Messina S, D'Amico E, Cimino
V, Zappia M. Frequency and severity of headache is worsened by Interferon‐β therapy in …