We develop a theory of change for payments for environmental services (PES) to review
their imminent strengths and weaknesses in light of a growing body of impact evaluation …

Protected areas (PAs) are at the forefront of conservation efforts, and yet despite
considerable progress towards the global target of having 17% of the world's land area …

Expansion of land area used for agriculture is a leading cause of biodiversity loss and
greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in the tropics. One potential way to reduce these …

Protected areas (PAs) and payments for ecosystem services (PES) are the top two
mechanisms available for countries to achieve international REDD agreements, yet there …

The impacts of nature reserves (NRs) and ecotourism on local economies are considered
controversial. By surveying households residing inside and outside of six giant panda NRs …

Measures of socio-economic impacts of conservation interventions have largely been
restricted to externally defined indicators focused on income, which do not reflect people's …

Focusing on the most impoverished populations, we critically review and synthesise key
themes from dominant frameworks for assessing the relationship between well-being and …

Payment for ecosystem services (PES) are economic incentives intended to generate
conservation benefits, principally on private properties. The global portfolio of PES programs …

Through a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature, this paper analyzes
evidence of the livelihood impacts of Payments for Environmental Services (PES). Forty-six …

Understanding the contribution of forests to poverty alleviation and human well-being has
never been more important. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are erasing gains in …