The conservation of biodiversity from the genetic to the community levels is fundamental for
the continual provision of ecosystem services (ES), the benefits that ecosystems provide to …

Rising levels of antimicrobial and pesticide resistance increasingly undermine human health
and systems for biomass production, and emphasize the sustainability challenge of …

Functional ecology is the branch of ecology that focuses on various functions that species
play in the community or ecosystem in which they occur. This accessible guide offers the …

Cities are uniquely complex systems regulated by interactions and feedbacks between
nature and human society. Characteristics of human society—including culture, economics …

Urban ecosystems are rapidly expanding throughout the world, but how urban growth affects
the evolutionary ecology of species living in urban areas remains largely unknown. Urban …

Urbanization is a global phenomenon with major effects on species, the structure of
community functional traits and ecological interactions. Body size is a key species trait linked …

The five most pervasive anthropogenic threats to biodiversity are over-exploitation, habitat
changes, climate change, invasive species, and pollution. Since all of these threats can …

More than 31,000 useful plant species have been documented to fulfil needs and services
for humans or the animals and environment we depend on. Despite this diversity, humans …

Ecosystem services (ESs) are closely related to human well-being (HWB). Recently,
urbanization has increased worldwide, which has had a significant impact on the ecosystem …

Prey are under selection to minimize predation losses. In aquatic environments, many prey
use chemical cues released by predators, which initiate predator avoidance. A prominent …