The execution and learning of diverse movements involve neuronal networks distributed
throughout the nervous system. The brainstem and basal ganglia are key for processing …

Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that is expressed as the output of many integrated
brain functions. Locomotion is organized at several levels of the nervous system, with …

The cortico–basal ganglia–thalamo–cortical loop is one of the fundamental network motifs in
the brain. Revealing its structural and functional organization is critical to understanding …

The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia has been underappreciated owing
to poor understanding of its cells and circuits. It was assumed that the GPe consisted of a …

The basal ganglia are essential for executing motor actions. How the basal ganglia engage
spinal motor networks has remained elusive. Medullary Chx10 gigantocellular (Gi) neurons …

Disruption of subthalamic nucleus dynamics in Parkinson's disease leads to impairments
during walking. Here, we aimed to uncover the principles through which the subthalamic …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is a key midbrain center with roles in
locomotion. Despite extensive studies and clinical trials aimed at therapy-resistant …

Action selection occurs through competition between potential choice options. Neural
correlates of choice competition are observed across frontal cortex and downstream …

The pathophysiology of affective disorders—particularly circuit-level mechanisms underlying
bidirectional, periodic affective state transitions—remains poorly understood. In patients …

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but
the mechanism remains unclear. GABAergic neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata …