In eukaryotic cells, ATP generation is generally viewed as the primary function of
mitochondria under normoxic conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), in contrast, are …

Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages can produce two
distinct functional phenotypes: M1 or M2. The balance between both strongly affects the …

Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent
bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of …

Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is an experimental rodent model that mimics renal
fibrosis associated with obstructive nephropathy in an accelerated manner. After UUO, the …

Auranofin is an oral gold (I) compound, initially developed for the treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis. Currently, Auranofin is under investigation for oncological application within a drug …

Alterations in the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) occur in a
substantial proportion of solid tumors. These events drive tumorigenesis and tumor …

Background Increasing evidence shows that circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of
noncoding RNAs, play a crucial role in the development of cancers, including intrahepatic …

Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation. Excessive ROS
levels are an important factor in tumor development. Damage stimulation and excessive …

Thiol-based redox compounds, namely thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs) and
peroxiredoxins (Prxs), stand as a pivotal group of proteins involved in antioxidant processes …

Simple Summary The PTEN phosphatase is a ubiquitously expressed tumor suppressor,
which inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway in the cell. The PI3K/AKT pathway is considered to be …