Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

Innate immunity driven by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) protects the host from invading
pathogens. Aquatic animals like fish where the adaptive immunity is poorly developed …

The increasing demand for fish consumption has promoted the rapid development of fish
aquaculture. With the continuous expansion of culture scale and the deterioration of culture …

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous …

Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Indigenous microbiota play a critical role in the lives of their vertebrate hosts. In human and
mouse models it is increasingly clear that innate and adaptive immunity develop in close …

In order to maintain fish health and to improve performance immunostimulants have been
used as dietary additives to improve weight gain, feed efficiency, and/or disease resistance …

Aquaculture offers a promising source of economic and healthy protein for human
consumption and improved wellbeing. This has led to the development of the aquaculture …

Fish is considered to be an important model in comparative immunology studies because it
is a representative population of lower vertebrates serving as an essential link to early …