Now 30 years old, the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has been used in>
1300 published studies, with a year-on-year increase rising to> 200 papers in 2015. Data …

Despite numerous studies on the neurobiology of depression, the etiological and
pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder remain poorly understood. A large number …

This paper evaluates the validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress (CMS) model
of depression. In the CMS model, rats or mice are exposed sequentially, over a period of …

The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has high validity but has in the past
been criticized for being difficult to replicate. However, a large number of recent publications …

The consumption of caffeine (an adenosine receptor antagonist) correlates inversely with
depression and memory deterioration, and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonists …

The chronic mild (or unpredictable/variable) stress (CMS) model was developed as an
animal model of depression more than 20 years ago. The foundation of this model was that …

Early life stress (ELS), in the form of childhood maltreatment, abuse, or neglect, increases
the risk for psychiatric sequelae later in life. The neurobiology of response to early stress …

As a complement to the concentration on negative states in welfare science, scientists are
increasingly considering the desirability of measuring positive outcomes. Since evaluation of …

Recent clinical studies demonstrate that serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor
(BDNF) are significantly decreased in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and …

The chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression has been widely used as an
experimental tool to investigate human psychopathology. Our objective was to provide an …