Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) greatly increases the risk for liver cirrhosis and
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV isolates worldwide can be divided into ten genotypes …

Sequence heterogeneity is a feature of hepatitis B virus (HBV), the prototype member of the
family Hepadnaviridae. Based on an intergroup divergence of greater than 7.5% across the …

Recent studies have uncovered myriad viral sequences that are integrated
or'endogenized'in the genomes of various eukaryotes. Surprisingly, it appears that not just …

The global burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is enormous, with 257 million persons
chronically infected, resulting in more than 880,000 deaths per year worldwide. HBV exists …

Analysis of canine parvovirus (CPV) isolates with a panel of monoclonal antibodies showed
that after 1986, most viruses isolated from dogs in many parts of the United States differed …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a member of the hepadnavirus family. Hepadnaviruses can be
found in both mammals (orthohepadnaviruses) and birds (avihepadnaviruses). The genetic …

Eight genotypes of hepatitis B virus (A–H) are currently recognized, and subgenotypes have
recently been described in four of these genotypes (A, B, C and F). The genotypes show a …

Hepatitis B viruses (HBVs), which are enveloped viruses with reverse-transcribed DNA
genomes, constitute the family Hepadnaviridae. An outstanding feature of HBVs is their …

The surface (S) genes of 12 hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) encoding nine different serotypes of
hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and …

In 1988, it was reported that the full nucleotide sequences of 18 hepatitis B virus (HBV)
strains clustered into four genetic groups (A to D) with more than 8% divergence between …