Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented
challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and …

As the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved during the past years, interactions between human
immune systems, rapidly mutating and selected SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, and effective …

Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines administered parenterally induce robust systemic
humoral and cellular responses. While highly effective against severe disease, there is …

Human infection challenge permits in-depth, early, and pre-symptomatic characterization of
the immune response, enabling the identification of factors that are important for viral …

Current available vaccines for COVID-19 are effective in reducing severe diseases and
deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection but less optimal in preventing infection. Next …

To prevent infection by respiratory viruses and consequently limit virus circulation, vaccines
need to promote mucosal immunity. The extent to which the currently used messenger RNA …

One in ten severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections result in prolonged
symptoms termed long coronavirus disease (COVID), yet disease phenotypes and …

Current COVID-19 vaccines prevent severe disease, but do not induce mucosal immunity or
prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2, especially with recent variants. Furthermore, serum …

The nasal mucosa is often the initial site of respiratory viral infection, replication, and
transmission. Understanding how infection shapes tissue-scale primary and memory …

Compared to intramuscular vaccines, nasally administered vaccines have the advantage of
inducing local mucosal immune responses that may block infection and interrupt …