Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection. The core
mechanism underlying sepsis is immune dysfunction, with macrophages, as important cells …

Macroautophagy (autophagy herein) is a cellular stress response and a survival pathway
that is responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins, protein aggregates, as well as …

Large bone defects resulting from fractures and disease are a major clinical challenge,
being often unable to heal spontaneously by the body's repair mechanisms. Lines of …

Bone metabolic disorders include osteolysis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid
arthritis. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two major types of cells in bone constituting …

Microglia are innate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), that supplies
neurons with key factors for executing autophagosomal/lysosomal functions …

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved and highly regulated recycling process of cellular
wastes. Having a housekeeping role, autophagy through the digestion of domestic cytosolic …

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a key catabolic process, essential for maintaining cellular
homeostasis and survival through the removal and recycling of unwanted cellular material …

Background Autophagy plays a crucial role in sustaining the homeostasis in various
malignant diseases. It has also been reported to promote tumor development in multiple …

MicroRNA (miRNA) has shown to enhance or inhibit cell proliferation, differentiation and
activity of different cell types in bone tissue. The discovery of miRNA actions and their targets …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proved to exert considerable therapeutic effects
on ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R)‐induced injury, but the underlying mechanism remains …