The leading parameters that define treatment recommendations in early breast cancer are
oestrogen-receptor, progesterone-receptor, and human epidermal growth-factor status …

Purpose To update the recommendations for the use of tumor marker tests in the prevention,
screening, treatment, and surveillance of breast cancer. Methods For the 2007 update, an …

Background Gene expression profiling of breast cancer has identified two biologically
distinct estrogen receptor (ER)-positive subtypes of breast cancer: luminal A and luminal B …

Learning Objectives Contrast the current strengths and limitations of the three main slide-
based techniques (IHC, FISH, and CISH) currently in clinical use for testing breast cancer …

Molecular markers have been extensively investigated with a view to providing early and
accurate information on long-term outcome and prediction of response to treatment of early …

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeted against the human epidermal growth factor
receptor (HER) 2 tyrosine kinase receptor, which is overexpressed in approximately 25% of …

Abstract Learning Objectives After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Define
the historical background and biological basis of the discovery of the HER-2/neu gene and …

Clinicians can use biomarkers to guide therapeutic decisions in estrogen receptor positive
(ER+) breast cancer. One such biomarker is cellular proliferation as evaluated by Ki-67. This …

Purpose To evaluate the risk of recurrence in women diagnosed with T1a and T1b, node-
negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive breast cancer …

We have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of proliferation markers (Ki-67,
mitotic index (MI), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and thymidine or …