Solar energetic particles, or SEPs, from suprathermal (few keV) up to relativistic (∼∼ few
GeV) energies are accelerated near the Sun in at least two ways:(1) by magnetic …

When the interplanetary magnetic field is oriented such that the angle between the upstream
magnetic field and the nominal bow shock normal is small (θBn< 45◦), a much more complex …

Above a few tens of MeV per nucleon, large, gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events
are highly variable in their spectral characteristics and elemental composition. The origin of …

Observations and physical concepts are interwoven to give basic explanations of
phenomena and also show the limitations in these explanations and identify some …

A one‐dimensional theory of shocks propagating parallel to the ambient magnetic field in a
collisionless plasma is presented. We show that shock formation and plasma heating can …

A new, definitive, reliable and fast iterative method is described for determining the
geometrical properties of a shock (ie, θBn, n, Vs and MA), the conservation constants and …

We present an idealized model simulating the coupled evolution of the distributions of
multispecies shock-accelerated energetic ions and interplanetary Alfvén waves in gradual …

Abstract We have surveyed the~ 0.1-10 MeV nucleon-1 abundances of heavy ions from 3
He through Fe in 64 large solar energetic particle (LSEP) events observed on board the …

Abundant observations have confirmed that interplanetary fast mode magnetohydrodynamic
shock waves are often associated with intensity enhancements and modulation of energetic …

The high variability of the Sun's magnetic field is responsible for the generation of
perturbations that propagate throughout the heliosphere. Such disturbances often drive …