The mammalian pupillary light reflex (PLR) involves a bilateral brain circuit whereby afferent
light signals in the optic nerve ultimately drive iris-sphincter-muscle contraction via excitatory …

Maintenance of pupillary constriction in light-adapted rodents has traditionally been thought
to involve a reflex between retina, brain and iris, with recent work identifying the melanopsin …

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) adapts the amount of light reaching the retina, protecting it
and improving image formation. Two PLR mechanisms have been described in vertebrates …

Opioid peptides and their receptors are expressed in the mammalian retina; however, little is
known about how they might affect visual processing. The melanopsin-expressing …

Animal models of corneal surface damage reliably exhibit altered tear quality and quantity,
apoptosis, nerve degeneration, immune responses and many other symptoms of dry eye …

Mice do not require the brain in order to maintain constricted pupils. However, little is known
about this intrinsic pupillary light reflex (iPLR) beyond a requirement for melanopsin in the …

Mammalian vision consists of the classic image-forming pathway involving rod and cone
photoreceptors interacting through a neural network within the retina before sending signals …

Widespread opioid use and abuse has resulted in an opioid epidemic in the United States
and worldwide. Among several adverse effects of this drug class, opioids disrupt the …

The pupil size is determined by an antagonistic action between the circumferential sphincter
muscle and the radial dilator muscle in the iris. Upon illumination, the pupils in both eyes …

The visual system utilizes environmental light information to guide animal behavior.
Regulation of the light entering the eye by the pupillary light reflex (PLR) is critical for normal …