Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and
temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all
eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the …

Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical
and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers …

The adaptation of plant metabolism to stress-induced energy deficiency involves profound
changes in amino acid metabolism. Anabolic reactions are suppressed, whereas respiratory …

Glutamate (Glu) is a versatile metabolite and a signaling molecule in plants. Glu
biosynthesis is associated with the primary nitrogen assimilation pathway. The conversion …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) is an essential macronutrient as well as a second messenger in
diverse biological processes in plants. Plants perceive various stimuli which leads to …

Plant glutamate receptor-like (GLR) genes encode ion channels with demonstrated roles in
electrical and calcium (Ca2+) signaling. The expansion of the GLR family along the lineage …

Plants launch a concerted immune response to dampen potential infections upon sensing
microbial pathogen and insect invasions. The transient and rapid elevation of the cytosolic …

Plants rely on systemic signalling mechanisms to establish whole-body defence in response
to insect and nematode attacks. GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) genes have been …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) and manganese (Mn2+) are essential elements for plants and have
similar ionic radii and binding coordination. They are assigned specific functions within …