Immunity against microbial pathogens primarily depends on the recognition of pathogen
components by innate receptors expressed on immune and non-immune cells. Innate …

Bacterial virulence is highly dynamic and context-dependent. For this reason, it is
challenging to predict how molecular changes affect the growth of a pathogen in a host and …

As locomotive organelles, flagella allow bacteria to move toward favorable environments. A
flagellum consists of three parts: the basal structure (rotary motor), the hook (universal joint) …

Although Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical mediators of the immune response to
pathogens, the influence of polymorphisms in this gene family on human susceptibility to …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the immune system that detect microbial
infection and trigger antimicrobial host defense responses. TLR5 is a sensor for monomeric …

Murine NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein (Naip) 1, Naip2, and Naip5/6 are host
sensors that detect the cytosolic presence of needle and rod proteins from bacterial type III …

The historical change in the natural course of diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), a fatal disorder
of the airways, following the introduction of erythromycin in its treatment has focused …

Flagella are locomotive organelles present on a wide range of bacteria and are important for
the pathogenesis of many species. Cells of the innate immune system lack memory perse …

Background Bacterial and viral exacerbations play a crucial role in a variety of lung diseases
including COPD or asthma. Since the lung epithelium is a major source of various …

Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death
in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the …