Idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones often develop attached to Randall's plaque
present on kidney papillary surfaces. Similar to the plaques formed during vascular …

Exosomes are small vesicles (30–150 nm in diameter) enclosed by a lipid membrane
bilayer, secreted by most cells in the body. They carry various molecules, including proteins …

Exosomes are nanosized lipid vesicles originating from the endosomal system that carry
many macromolecules from their parental cells and play important roles in intercellular …

Over the last decades, the association between vascular calcification (VC) and all-
cause/cardiovascular mortality, especially in patients with high atherogenic status, such as …

The mineralization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential and crucial process for
physiological bone formation and pathological calcification. The abnormal function of ECM …

Vascular calcification is commonly observed in chronic kidney disease. The mechanism of
how the calcification signal from endothelial cells is transmitted to vascular smooth muscle …

Vascular calcification (VC) was defined as the ectopic deposition of calcium–phosphorus
complexes on the blood vessel walls. It was a process involving multiple factors and …

Background The mechanism of diabetes and cataracts is complicated. Considering our
increasing acknowledge of exosomes, exosomal miRNAs isolated from aqueous humour …

Iron is at the forefront of a number of pivotal biological processes due to its ability to readily
accept and donate electrons. However, this property may also catalyze the generation of …

Vascular calcification (VC), characterized by hydroxyapatite crystal depositing in the vessel
wall, is a common pathological condition shared by many chronic diseases and an …