Established models of T-helper-2-cell dominance in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania
major—involving the early production of interleukin-4 by a small subset of Leishmania …

Leishmania is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of the disease leishmaniasis.
Anti-leishmanial immune response is shown to be host genotype dependent so that some …

Interleukin (IL)-12 may be secreted as a bioactive T helper type 1 (Th1) cell–inducing
heterodimer, as a monomer, or as an antagonistic homodimer. We analyzed the IL-12 …

Studies on Leishmania major have been largely responsible for the characterisation of the
Th1/Th2 paradigm of healing/non-healing associated with intracellular infection. IFN-γ and …

IL-12 initiates Th1 cell development and cell-mediated immunity, but whether IL-12
contributes to the maintenance of a Th1 response is unclear. To address this question, we …

The interleukin (IL)‐4 driven, polarized T‐helper 2 cell (Th2) response that controls non‐
healing infection with Leishmania major in BALB/c mice has long been embraced as the …

Leishmania major infections induce the development of a CD4+ T‐helper 1 (Th1) response
that not only controls the primary infection but also results in life‐long immunity to reinfection …

Interleukin (IL)-12 is expressed mainly in antigen-presenting cells after challenge with
microbial material or after CD40 activation. Although IL-12 was cloned from human Epstein …

Two million new cases of leishmaniasis occur every year, with the cutaneous leishmaniasis
(CL) presentation accounting for approximately two-thirds of all cases. Despite the high …

Previous studies using cell transfers and antibody receptor knockout mice have shown that
B cells and antibodies are not essential components of the expulsion mechanism in …