Genome‐modification technologies enable the rational engineering and perturbation of
biological systems. Historically, these methods have been limited to gene insertions or …

Succinic acid, a dicarboxylic acid produced as an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
cycle, is one of the most important platform chemicals for the production of various high …

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is unique in both structure and function. The
surface-exposed outer leaflet is composed of lipopolysaccharide, while the inner leaflet is …

Sequence-specific control of gene expression on a genome-wide scale is an important
approach for understanding gene functions and for engineering genetic regulatory systems …

Residue-residue coevolution has been observed across a number of protein-protein
interfaces, but the extent of residue coevolution between protein families on the whole …

We describe the construction and characterization of a genomically recoded organism
(GRO). We replaced all known UAG stop codons in Escherichia coli MG1655 with …

Intracellular processes rarely work in isolation but continually interact with the rest of the cell.
In microbes, for example, we now know that gene expression across the whole genome …

The ribosome's interactions with mRNA govern its translation rate and the effects of post-
transcriptional regulation. Long, structured 5′ untranslated regions (5′ UTRs) are …

To estimate the number and diversity of beneficial mutations, we experimentally evolved 115
populations of Escherichia coli to 42.2° C for 2000 generations and sequenced one genome …

Many insects rely on bacterial symbionts with tiny genomes specialized for provisioning
nutrients lacking in host diets. Xylem sap and phloem sap are both deficient as insect diets …