Background Research on early adversity, stress biology, and child development has grown
exponentially in recent years. Findings We review the current evidence for the hypothalamic …

Hormones produced by glands in the endocrine system and neurotransmitters produced by
the nervous system control many bodily functions. The concentrations of these molecules in …

Stress reduction through contact with nature is well established, but far less is known about
the contribution of contact parameters–duration, frequency, and nature quality. This study …

Validated biological and psychological markers of acute stress in humans are an important
tool in translational research. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), involving public interview …

Salivary cortisol (sCort) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) constitute proxy measures of the
two major stress response systems, ie the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the …

Psychological stress during childhood and adolescence increases risk of health problems
across the lifecourse, and inflammation is implicated as an underlying mechanism. To …

Development of new biomarkers is a constantly evolving field of research endeavor in
psychoneuroendocrinology. Salivary biomarkers have received special attention since they …

A growing body of research has revealed that social evaluative stressors trigger biological
and psychological responses that in chronic forms have been linked to aging and disease …

Contrary to lay beliefs, physiological changes that co-occur with stress are not necessarily
bad. Much can be done during stressful experiences to promote adaptive responses. In this …

According to the cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis, physically trained individuals show
lower physiological and psychological responses to stressors other than exercise, eg …