Cell membranes contain a large variety of lipid types and are crowded with proteins,
endowing them with the plasticity needed to fulfill their key roles in cell functioning. The …

Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Enzymatic activity can induce
broken detailed balance at the molecular scale. This molecular scale breaking of detailed …

Control of the structure and function of three-dimensional multicellular tissues depends
critically on the spatial and temporal coordination of cellular physical properties, yet the …

Cell–cell interfaces are found throughout multicellular organisms, from transient interactions
between motile immune cells to long-lived cell–cell contacts in epithelia. Studies of immune …

Since the proposal of the differential adhesion hypothesis, scientists have been fascinated
by how cell adhesion mediates cellular self-organization to form spatial patterns during …

Proteins are essential and abundant components of cellular membranes. Being densely
packed within the limited surface area, proteins fulfil essential tasks for life, which include …

The biological function of membranes is closely related to their softness, which is often
studied through the membranes' thermally driven fluctuations. Typically, the analysis …

In various physiological processes, the cell collective is organized in a monolayer, such as
seen in a simple epithelium. The advances in the understanding of mechanical behavior of …

In metazoans, living cells achieve capabilities beyond individual cell functionality by
assembling into multicellular tissue structures. These higher-order structures represent …

Clustering of extracellular ligands and proteins on the plasma membrane is required to
perform specific cellular functions, such as signaling and endocytosis. Attractive forces that …