Multidimensional analyses have demonstrated the presence of a unique tumor
microenvironment (TME) in liver cancer. Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are …

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), a member of the TIM
family, was originally identified as a receptor expressed on interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and …

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health challenge on the same
scale as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria. The International Coalition to Eliminate HBV (ICE …

In chronic infections and in cancer, persistent antigen stimulation under suboptimal
conditions can lead to the induction of T-cell exhaustion. Exhausted T cells are …

Cytotoxic T cell immunity in response to chronic infections and tumours is maintained by a
specialized population of CD8+ T cells that exhibit hallmarks of both exhausted and memory …

Immunotherapy, with an increasing number of therapeutic dimensions, is becoming an
important mode of treatment for cancer patients. The inhibition of immune checkpoints …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks the most common primary liver malignancy and the
third leading cause of tumor-related mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, despite advances in …

Co-inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, have an important role in regulating T
cell responses and have proven to be effective targets in the setting of chronic diseases …

Functional cure of chronic hepatitis B (CHB)—or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss
after 24 weeks off therapy—is now the goal of treatment, but is rarely achieved with current …

Immunotherapy is being increasingly recognized as a key therapeutic modality to treat
cancer and represents one of the most exciting treatments for the disease. Fighting cancer …