Ribosome profiling, which involves the deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA
fragments, is a powerful tool for globally monitoring translation in vivo. The method has …

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of transcripts that are longer than 200
nucleotides (nt) without coding potential. Over the past decade, tens of thousands of novel …

Small open reading frames (smORFs) of 100 codons or fewer are usually—if arbitrarily—
excluded from proteome annotations. Despite this, the genomes of many metazoans …

Peptides fulfill a plethora of functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses.
They act as key components of cell-to-cell communication, interfere with signaling and …

Deep transcriptome sequencing has revealed the existence of many transcripts that lack
long or conserved open reading frames (ORFs) and which have been termed long non …

Thousands of small Open Reading Frames (smORFs) with the potential to encode small
peptides of fewer than 100 amino acids exist in our genomes. However, the number of …

With the advent of ribosome profiling, a next generation sequencing technique providing a
“snap-shot''of translated mRNA in a cell, many short open reading frames (sORFs) with …

Regulation of gene expression is fundamental in establishing cellular diversity and a target
of natural selection. Untranslated mRNA regions (UTR s) are key mediators of post …

Abstract Analysis of genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes reveals the existence of
hundreds to thousands of translated, yet non-annotated, short open reading frames (small …

Identification of the coding elements in the genome is a fundamental step to understanding
the building blocks of living systems. Short peptides (< 100 aa) have emerged as important …