Dysfunctional dopamine (DA) signaling has been associated with a broad spectrum of
neuropsychiatric disorders, prompting investigations into how midbrain DA neuron …

The midbrain dopamine (mDA) system is composed of molecularly and functionally distinct
neuron subtypes that mediate specific behaviours and are linked to various brain diseases …

Highlights•Reward Prediction Error (RPE) remains a compelling theory accounting for VTA
dopamine neuron activity•RPE theory now incorporates sensory prediction errors …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons play roles in reward and aversion. We recently
discovered that the VTA has neurons that co-transmit glutamate and GABA (glutamate …

Dopamine neurons project to the striatum to control movement, cognition, and motivation via
slower volume transmission as well as faster dopamine, glutamate, and GABA synaptic …

Reinforcement, reward, and aversion are fundamental processes for guiding appropriate
behaviors. Longstanding theories have pointed to dopaminergic neurons of the ventral …

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons are a relatively small group of neurons in the mammalian
brain controlling a wide range of behaviors. In recent years, increasingly sophisticated …

Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are diverse in their projection targets, effect on
behavior, and susceptibility to neurodegeneration. Little is known about the molecular …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) glutamate neurons signal and participate in reward and
aversion-based behaviors. However, the neurochemical mechanisms that underlie how …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) drive reward-
related motivation. Although dopamine neurons are predominant, a substantial …