Mesocotical dopamine (DA) inputs to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) play a crtical role in normal
cognitive process and neuropsychiatic pathologies. This DA input regulates aspects of …

The basal ganglia circuitry processes the signals that flow from the cortex, allowing the
correct execution of voluntary movements. In Parkinson's disease, the degeneration of …

Intensive physical activity improves motor functions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD)
at early stages. However, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on …

The striatum and its ventral extension, the nucleus accumbens, are involved in behaviors as
diverse as motor planning, drug seeking, and learning. Invariably, these striatally mediated …

Abstract The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) continues to constitute a valuable
topical tool used chiefly in modeling Parkinson's disease in the rat. The classical method of …

It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and
other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease for which stem cell
research has created hope in the last few years. Seven PD patients aged 22 to 62 years with …

Levodopa-induced motor complications are a common source of disability for patients with
Parkinson's disease. Evidence suggests that motor complications are associated with non …

The striatum receives massive cortical excitatory inputs and is densely innervated by
dopamine. Striatal projection neurons form either the direct or indirect pathways. Models of …

Altered glutamatergic neurotransmission and neuronal metabolic dysfunction appear to be
central to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). The substantia nigra pars …