Over 4 million people worldwide have received a prosthetic heart valve, and an estimated
300 000 valves are being implanted every year. Prosthetic heart valves improve quality of …

Background Warfarin is a highly effective anticoagulant however its effectiveness relies on
maintaining INR in therapeutic range. Finding the correct dose is difficult due to large inter …

Background The main challenge for warfarin anticoagulation is the risk for hemorrhagic
complications. Although certain pharmacogenetic factors may explain the individual …

Human cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) accounts for∼ 20% of hepatic total CYP content
and metabolizes∼ 15% clinical drugs such as phenytoin, S-warfarin, tolbutamide, losartan …

Warfarin is a drug with a narrow therapeutic index and a wide interindividual variability in
dose requirement. Because it is difficult to predict an accurate dose for an individual …

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics involve the study of the role of inheritance in
individual variation in drug response, a phenotype that varies from potentially life …

The identification of the genes encoding CYP2C9, the principal metabolizing enzyme of the
coumarins, and VKORC1, the molecular target for coumarins, has strongly stimulated the …

What is known and Objectives: Testing for cytochrome P450‐2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K
epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) variant alleles is recommended by the FDA …

While early pharmacogenomic studies have primarily been carried out in Western
populations, there has been a notable increase in the number of Asian studies over the past …

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is generating intense attention as interest grows
in finding new and better drug technology assessment processes. The federal government is …