Background and Objectives Owing to the lack of long-term observations or comprehensive
adjustment for confounding factors, reliable conclusions regarding long-term effects of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Disease
progression is variable and unpredictable, warranting the development of biomarkers of …

Neurocognitive functioning in Tourette syndrome (TS) has been the subject of intensive
research in the past 30 years. A variety of impairments, presumably related to frontal and …

Objective: To examine whether processing speed or working memory is the primary
information processing deficit in persons with MS. Design: Case-control study. Setting …

The Attentional Control Scale (ACS; Derryberry & Reed, 2002) has been used to assess
executive control over attention in numerous studies, but no published data have examined …

Parkinson's disease varies in severity and age of onset. One source of this variability is sex.
Males are twice as likely as females to develop Parkinson's disease, and tend to have more …

The List Sorting Working Memory Test was designed to assess working memory (WM) as
part of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. List Sorting is a sequencing task requiring …

Abstract The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) is the most recent
edition of the WAIS. It is used to assess intellectual ability in adults and adolescents ages 16 …

As part of the Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA project), we provide
age-and education-adjusted norms for the following instruments: verbal span (digits) …

Background The effects of severe iodine deficiency during critical periods of brain
development are well documented. There is little known about the consequences of milder …