The arginase enzyme developed in early life forms and was maintained during evolution. As
the last step in the urea cycle, arginase cleaves l-arginine to form urea and l-ornithine. The …

Many retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular
(AMD) degeneration, are associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels …

The therapeutic benefits of many cell types involve paracrine mechanisms. Inspired by the
paracrine functions of exosomes and the sustained degradation properties of …

Acute ocular hypertension (AOH) is the most important characteristic of acute glaucoma,
which can lead to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and permanent vision loss. So far …

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder of the retina and a leading
cause of visual impairment and childhood blindness worldwide. The disease is …

Necroptosis, a distinctive type of programmed cell death different from apoptosis or necrosis,
triggered by a series of death receptors such as tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) …

Under metabolic stress conditions such as hypoxia and glucose deprivation, an increase in
the AMP: ATP ratio activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, resulting in …

Neuroinflammation relying on the inflammatory responses of glial cells has emerged as an
impactful component of the multifactorial etiology of neurodegeneration in glaucoma. It has …

Besides apoptosis, necrosis can also occur in a highly regulated and genetically controlled
manner, defined as regulated necrosis, which is characterized by a loss of cell membrane …

Abstract The enzyme arginase 1 (A1) hydrolyzes the amino acid arginine to form L-ornithine
and urea. Ornithine is further converted to polyamines by the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) …