Oxidative damage is a common cellular event involved in numerous diseases and drug
toxicities. Antioxidants prevent or delay oxidative damage, and therefore there has been …

In the century since the discovery of insulin, diabetes has changed from an early death
sentence to a manageable chronic disease. This change in longevity and duration of …

Hypoglycemia is the most frequent complication of insulin therapy in patients with type 1
diabetes. Since the brain is reliant on circulating glucose as its main source of energy …

Gastric Emptying Abnormalities in Diabetes Persistent gastric emptying problems require
diagnosis and management. Postprandial dyspepsia and impaired plasma glucose …

Introduction: Hypoglycemia occurs commonly in insulin requiring individuals with either
Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes. Areas covered: This article will review recent information on the …

Neurometabolic homeostasis in the brain relies on the dynamic transport of glucose and
other substrates across brain barriers, primarily the blood–brain barrier and the blood …

The astrocyte-neuron lactate shunt (ANLS) hypothesis is the most widely accepted model of
brain glucose metabolism. However, over the past decades, research has shown that …

Sweet taste receptors are transmembrane protein network specialized in the transmission of
information from special “sweet” molecules into the intracellular domain. These receptors …

Hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is characterised by an impairment in
adrenal medullary and neurogenic symptom responses following episodes of recurrent …

Finite disarrangements of important (vital) physiological agents and nutrients can induce
plethora of beneficial effects, exceeding mere attenuation of the specific stress. Such …