A review of algal (including cyanobacterial) symbionts associated with lichen-forming fungi
is presented. General aspects of their biology relevant to lichen symbioses are summarized …

Discomycetes are an artificial grouping of apothecia-producing fungi in the phylum
Ascomycota. Molecular-based studies have revealed that the discomycetes can be found …

Ecologists have long studied primary succession, the changes that occur in biological
communities after initial colonization of an environment. Most of this work has focused on …

Lichens are exemplar symbioses based upon carbon exchange between photobionts and
their mycobiont hosts. Historically considered a two‐way relationship, some lichen …

The early‐successional status of lichens in modern terrestrial ecosystems, together with the
role lichen‐mediated weathering plays in the carbon cycle, have contributed to the long and …

Symbioses are evolutionarily pervasive and play fundamental roles in structuring
ecosystems, yet our understanding of their macroevolutionary origins, persistence, and …

Speciation in oceanic islands has attracted the interest of scientists since the 19th century.
One of the most striking evolutionary phenomena that can be studied in islands is adaptive …

Saxicolous, lecideoid lichenized fungi have a cosmopolitan distribution but, being mostly
cold adapted, are especially abundant in polar and high-mountain regions. To date, little is …

Filamentous cyanobacteria are important primary producers and N 2 fixers in many
terrestrial environments. As reduced nitrogen is often limiting, some thalloid liverworts …

With rare exceptions, the shape and appearance of lichen thalli are determined by the
fungal partner; thus, mycobiont identity is normally used for lichen identification. However, it …