Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

Plants in their natural habitat have to face multiple stresses simultaneously. Evolutionary
adaptation of developmental, physiological, and biochemical parameters give advantage …

In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely
occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are …

Plants confront multifarious environmental stresses widely divided into abiotic and biotic
stresses, of which heavy metal stress represents one of the most damaging abiotic stresses …

The WRKY gene family in flowering plants encodes a large group of transcription factors
(TFs) that play essential roles in diverse stress responses, developmental, and physiological …

Highlights•MAPK cascades are conserved signaling modules downstream of cell surface
receptors.•Plant perception of endogenous and exogenous signals converges on MAPK …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules
downstream of receptors/sensors that transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular …

Next to numerous abiotic stresses, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of pathogens
within their environment. Thus, their ability to survive and prosper during the course of …

WRKY transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators found
exclusively in plants. They have diverse biological functions in plant disease resistance …

Plant hormones have pivotal roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and
reproduction. Additionally, they emerged as cellular signal molecules with key functions in …