Plants have evolved multiple defense strategies to cope with pathogens, among which plant
immune signaling that relies on cell‐surface localized and intracellular receptors takes …

Highlights•A subset of NLRs form robust networks of helpers underlying the bulk of NLRs
that function as sensors.•Ancient, conserved RNL helper NLRs are required for some sensor …

INTRODUCTION Discrimination of self from nonself is pivotal for cellular organisms, as it
allows the perception of pathogenic invaders that might otherwise multiply unchecked and …

Infectious disease is both a major force of selection in nature and a prime cause of yield loss
in agriculture. In plants, disease resistance is often conferred by nucleotide-binding leucine …

Plants coordinately use cell‐surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive
pathogens and mount an immune response. Intracellular events of pathogen recognition are …

Plant disease resistance involves both detection of microbial molecular patterns by cell-
surface pattern recognition receptors and detection of pathogen effectors by intracellular …

The WRKY transcription factor (TF) gene family expanded greatly in the evolutionary
process from green algae to flowering plants through whole genome, segmental, and …

The EDS1 family of structurally unique lipase-like proteins EDS1, SAG101, and PAD4
evolved in seed plants, on top of existing phytohormone and nucleotide-binding–leucine …

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) monitor the plant intracellular
environment for signs of pathogen infection. Several mechanisms of NLR-mediated …

Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play important roles in the
innate immune systems of both plants and animals. Recent breakthroughs in NLR …