Giardia duodenalis captured the attention of Leeuwenhoek in 1681 while he was examining
his own diarrheal stool, but, ironically, it did not really gain attention as a human pathogen …

Over 600 million years ago, animals evolved from a unicellular or colonial organism whose
cell (s) captured bacteria with a collar complex, a flagellum surrounded by a microvillar …

Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) is a common intestinal
parasite of humans and mammals worldwide. Assessing the zoonotic transmission of the …

Molecular diagnostic tools have been used recently in assessing the taxonomy, zoonotic
potential, and transmission of Giardia species and giardiasis in humans and animals. The …

Meiosis is the cell division that reshuffles genetic information between generations.
Recently, much progress has been made in understanding this process; in particular, the …

Sexual reproduction is a fundamental aspect of life. It is defined by the occurrence of meiosis
and the fusion of two gametes of different sexes or mating types. Sex-determination …

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Genes group together in cells, cells
group together in organisms, and organisms group together in societies. Even different …

Aphids are important agricultural pests and also biological models for studies of insect-plant
interactions, symbiosis, virus vectoring, and the developmental causes of extreme …

Meiotic recombination is induced by the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)
catalyzed by SPO11, the ortholog of subunit A of TopoVI DNA topoisomerase (TopoVIA) …

The eukaryotic intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis was first described in 1681, when
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek undertook a microscopic examination of his own diarrhoeal …