Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain
damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

Abstract Thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been
characterized as electron donors, guards of the intracellular redox state, and “antioxidants” …

Astrocytes are commonly involved in negative responses through their hyperreactivity and
glial scar formation in excitotoxic and/or mechanical injuries. But, astrocytes are also …

Inflammatory processes have a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of stroke. A key
initial event is the rapid activation of resident immune cells, primarily microglia. This cell …

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) constitute a major family of peroxidases, with mammalian cells
expressing six Prx isoforms (PrxI to PrxVI). Cells produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at …

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) trigger sterile inflammation after tissue
injury, but the mechanisms underlying the resolution of inflammation remain unclear. In this …

Post-ischemic inflammation is an essential step in the progression of brain ischemia-
reperfusion injury. However, the mechanism that activates infiltrating macrophages in the …

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The long‐standing
dogma that stroke is exclusively a vascular disease has been questioned by extensive …

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a multifaceted serine/threonine kinase protein with
important roles in the nervous system. Two related proteins, p35 and p39, activate Cdk5 …