Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are abundant genetic elements that encode a toxin
protein capable of inhibiting cell growth and an antitoxin that counteracts the toxin. The …

Bacterial persister cells constitute a subpopulation of genetically identical, metabolically
slow-growing cells that are highly tolerant of antibiotics and other environmental stresses …

In prokaryotes, translation can occur on mRNA that is being transcribed in a process called
coupling. How the ribosome affects the RNA polymerase (RNAP) during coupling is not well …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its
cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are …

Throughout their life, bacteria need to sense and respond to environmental stress. Thus,
such stress responses can require dramatic cellular reprogramming, both at the …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found on plasmids or
chromosomes of countless bacteria, archaea, and possibly also unicellular fungi. Under …

In their initial stages of discovery, prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems were confined to
bacterial plasmids where they function to mediate the maintenance and stability of usually …

Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems are abundant in prokaryotes and play an important role in
various biological processes such as plasmid maintenance, phage inhibition, stress …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial regulatory switches that facilitate conflicting
outcomes for cells by promoting a pro-survival phenotypic adaptation and/or by directly …

Transient antibiotic treatment typically eradicates most sensitive bacteria except a few
survivors called persisters. The second messenger (p) ppGpp plays a key role in persister …