The neuroimmune system is involved in development, normal functioning, aging, and injury
of the central nervous system. Microglia, first described a century ago, are the main …

Abstract Disruption of Akt and Erk-mediated signal transduction significantly contributes in
the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's …

Many short-lived and highly reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anion (O2-) and
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are toxic or can create oxidative stress in cells, a response …

Oxygen is indispensable to metabolism and energy production for almost all life forms.
However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from life processes can cause damage …

Oxidative stress (OS) disrupts the chemical integrity of macromolecules and increases the
risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Fisetin is a flavonoid that exhibits potent antioxidant …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate multiple physiological functions; however, the over-
accumulation of ROS causes premature aging and/or death and is associated with various …

The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide
(NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of …

Hesperidin, a member of the flavanone group of flavonoids, can be isolated in large
amounts from the rinds of some citrus species. Considering the wide range of …

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is the most common primary corneal
endothelial dystrophy and the leading indication for corneal transplantation worldwide …

Phycocyanin (Pc) is a phycobiliprotein that has been recently reported to exhibit a variety of
pharmacological properties. In this regard, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective …