Civil-military relations are characterized by a fundamental dilemma. To lower coup risk,
leaders frequently empower the military, which satisfies the armed forces with the status quo …

Since 2020, the African continent has witnessed a series of nine successful military coups,
prompting the narrative of a 'return of coups' and a 'democracy backslide'. This article argues …

This article explores whether the Spanish armed forces were modernized between 1891
and 1935. To this end, the expenditure of the military ministries (Army and Navy) is …

This article focuses on the reception and effects of the post-emancipation forced labour
system in Puerto Rico (1873–1876) and contributes to the global understanding of the …

Forgotten Prisoners Spanish Internment Practices and Military Culture during the Rif War,
1909-1927 Page 1 Forgotten Prisoners Spanish Internment Practices and Military Culture …