Undernutrition remains a major issue in global health. Low protein-energy consumption,
results in stunting, wasting and/or underweight, three deleterious forms of malnutrition that …

The thymus is required for T cell differentiation; a process that depends on which antigens
are encountered by thymocytes, the environment surrounding the differentiating cells, and …

The human thymus is susceptible to viral infections that can severely alter thymopoiesis and
compromise the mechanisms of acquired tolerance to self-antigens. In humans, plasma cells …

Acute thymic involution (ATI) is usually regarded as a virulence trait. It is caused by several
infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) and other factors, including stress …

Upon the pathogen encounter, the host seeks to ensure an adequate inflammatory reaction
to combat infection but at the same time tries to prevent collateral damage, through several …

Detrimental effects of malnutrition on immune responses to pathogens have long been
recognized and it is considered a main risk factor for various infectious diseases, including …

Protein malnutrition, the most deleterious cause of malnutrition in developing countries, has
been considered a primary risk factor for the development of clinical visceral leishmaniasis …

Chronic infection provokes alterations in inflammatory and suppressive pathways that
potentially affect the function and integrity of multiple tissues, impacting both ongoing …

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for production and selection of T cells.
Nonetheless, mature T cells and in particular activated T cells can reenter the thymus. Here …

Because antigen-stimulated naive T cells either die as effectors or enter the
activated/memory pool, continuous egress of new T lymphocytes from thymus is essential for …