Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping
mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As …

To understand what makes sleep vulnerable in disease, it is useful to look at how wake-
promoting mechanisms affect healthy sleep. Wake-promoting neuronal activity is inhibited …

Homeostatic, circadian and ultradian mechanisms play crucial roles in the regulation of
sleep. Evidence suggests that ratios of low-to-high frequency power in the …

The two major stages of mammalian sleep—rapid eye movement sleep (REMs) and non-
REM sleep (NREMs)—are characterized by distinct brain rhythms ranging from millisecond …

Urethane, an acute laboratory anesthetic, produces distinct neurophysiological and
physiological effects creating an effective model of the dynamics of natural sleep. As a …

Biochemical mechanisms are temperature dependent. Brain temperature shows wide
variations across brain states, and such changes may explain quantitative changes in …

Substantial evidence suggests that the circadian decline of core body temperature (CBT)
triggers the initiation of human sleep, with CBT continuing to decrease during sleep …

It is well-known that there is a high frequency of plant-growth-promoting strains in Bacillus
subtilis and that these can be effective under both stressful and stress-free conditions. There …

During sleep our brain switches between two starkly different brain states-slow wave sleep
(SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. While this two-state sleep pattern is abundant …

Homeostatic and circadian processes play a pivotal role in determining sleep structure,
timing, and quality. In sharp contrast with the wide accessibility of the electroencephalogram …