Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new
production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and …

The need for long-term treatments of chronic diseases has motivated the widespread
development of long-acting parenteral formulations (LAPFs) with the aim of improving drug …

The preferential activation of regulatory T (Treg) cells by interleukin-2 (IL-2), which
selectively binds to the trimeric IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) on Treg cells, makes this cytokine a …

Protein aggregation in biotherapeutics has been identified to increase immunogenicity,
leading to immune-mediated adverse effects, such as severe allergic responses including …

Poor water solubility and low bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are
major causes of friction in the pharmaceutical industry and represent a formidable hurdle for …

Virtually all natural proteins are built from only 20 amino acids, and while this makes
possible all the functions they perform, the ability to encode other amino acids selected for …

Genetic encoding of noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) for site-specific protein modification
has been widely applied for many biological and therapeutic applications. To efficiently …

Highlights•Oral route of administration is the preferred route for drug delivery.•Dosage form
designing plays an essential role in oral peptide delivery.•Preclinical and clinical aspects of …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine that orchestrates bidirectional immune
responses via regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector cells, leading to paradoxical …

Since several decades, PEGylation is known to be the clinical standard to enhance
pharmacokinetics of biotherapeutics. In this study, we introduce polyglycerol (PG) of different …