Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage. Chronic pain, with a prevalence of 20–30% is the major cause of human …

Romantic love is a phenomenon of immense interest to the general public as well as to
scholars in several disciplines. It is known to be present in almost all human societies and …

The habenula (Hb) is an evolutionary well-conserved structure located in the epithalamus.
The Hb receives inputs from the septum, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate …

Abstract Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with interoceptive
deficits expressed throughout the body, particularly the facial musculature. According to the …

The introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has gradually changed the
borders of the major depression disease class. Anhedonia was considered a cardinal …

Dystonia is by far the most intrusive and invalidating extrapyramidal side effect of potent
classical antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia is classified in both acute …

Cortical regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex involved in reward and in non-reward and
which are implicated in depression, and the amygdala, are connected to the habenula via …

According to our model of the regulation of appetitive-searching vs. distress-avoiding
behaviors, the motivation to display these essential conducts is regulated by two parallel …

The term extrapyramidal disorders is most often used for conditions such as Parkinson's
disease or Huntington's disease, but also refers to a group of extrapyramidal side effects of …

Taking the evolutionary development of the forebrain as a starting point, the authors
developed a biological framework for the subcortical regulation of human emotional …