Shape grammar, as a design reasoning method, offers a graphical approach to decoding
formal languages and implementing the emergence of results through recursive shape …

One billion people live in informal settlements worldwide. The complex and multilayered
spaces that characterize this unplanned form of urbanization pose a challenge to traditional …

This paper presents research on design challenges in protracted refugee camps, where
“temporary” shelters undergo informal transformations, becoming long-term homes and …

Favelas and other types of informal settlements are important urban issues in several
regions around the world, especially in developing countries. They are the housing solution …

Standard design for schools in underdeveloped countries seems to be the key to lowering
the cost of the whole building process, from design to construction. But since it might not be …